This work focuses on flagellin duplication in some plant-associated Pseudomonas. IMPORTANCE Flagellins have emerged as important microbial patterns. These findings suggest that Pseudomonas has evolved duplicate flagellins, with only FliC-1 contributing to motility and plant immune elicitation. Also, Flg22-2 epitopes in the other 11 Pseudomonas strains were presumed to have low binding affinity due to the same change in the 19th amino acid.
A change in the 19th amino acid in Flg22-2 reduced its binding affinity to the FLS2/brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated kinase 1 complex. Compared to the Flg22-2 epitope (relative to FliC-2), Flg22-1 (relative to FliC-1) induced stronger FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2)-mediated microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and significantly inhibited plant root growth. In silico prediction revealed that all fliC-2 genes in the 12 Pseudomonas strains have a poorly conserved promoter motif. The transcriptional expression of fliC-2 was significantly lower than that of fliC-1 in medium and in planta, most likely due to variations in promoter activity. Only the fliC-1 gene but not the fliC-2 gene in strain F113 is responsible for flagellar biogenesis, motility, and plant immune elicitation. We demonstrate that the two flagellins (FliC-1 and FliC-2) in 12 Pseudomonas strains, including F113, are evolutionarily distinct. Here, the model plant-growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas kilonensis F113 was used to decipher the divergent functions of duplicated flagellins. Although the functions of flagellins have been extensively studied in bacteria with a single flagellin-encoding gene, the function of multiple flagellin-encoding genes in a single bacterial species is largely unknown.
#FLIC 2 TV#
The Flic Hub LR also offers an infrared accessory enabling legacy control of TV and home entertainment systems.Flagellins are the main constituents of the flagellar filaments that provide bacterial motility, chemotactic ability, and host immune elicitation ability. From early 2020 the hub will integrate Apple HomeKit capability, enabling buttons to be configured in the Apple Home app to control everything in the user’s Apple Home ecosystem. The Flic Hub LR is an optional accessory to Flic and eliminates the need to connect the buttons to the smartphone. There are over 1000 compatible devices and services available via the Flic app as well as integrations with services including IFTTT (if this then that), Microsoft Flow, and Zapier that enable users to create advanced action flows based on a single trigger.
For example, pushing the button once could turn on/off smart lights, pushing the button twice could play music from a smart speaker, while holding the button down could automatically trigger a smart power switch to start brewing coffee in the morning.
#FLIC 2 ANDROID#
From the smartphone’s iOS or Android Flic app the user can customize each button to perform different actions based on three different triggers a ‘push’, a ‘double push’, and a ‘hold’.
#FLIC 2 BLUETOOTH#
In operation the buttons are paired to a Bluetooth 4.0 (and later) smartphone or tablet using Bluetooth LE wireless connectivity provided by the Nordic SoC.
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